Edwards & Gill (2012), Leadership & Organization Development Journal

Transformational leadership across hierarchical levels in UK manufacturing organizations

Using 360-degree ratings of 367 managers from 38 UK manufacturers, the study found transformational leadership was effective at every level, transactional leadership only lower down, and hands-off leadership nowhere.

Parts of the Loop it informs

Not tied to one part of the Loop. It describes the middle more broadly.

Read the original paper

Summary written by Unfrozen from the published abstract, then checked twice by independent AI reviewers against the source. Loop coding is exploratory and AI-assisted, pending human verification. Spot an error? Email info@unfreeze.us and it gets fixed.

Questions this study helps answer

What the research saysWhat leadership style works best for middle managers?

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