Heyden et al. (2017), Journal of Management Studies

Rethinking ‘Top‐Down’ and ‘Bottom‐Up’ Roles of Top and Middle Managers in Organizational Change: Implications for Employee Support

Employees backed change most when middle managers started it and top managers carried it out; change started at the top drew no more than average support.

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What the research saysShould change be top-down or bottom-up?

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